401 - Culverts - Revision history

Jhudson-fishbeck at 17:39, 15 October 2025

2025-10-15T17:39:56Z

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Pictures of Equipment */

2025-10-14T15:56:38Z

Pictures of Equipment

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Backfilling */

2025-10-13T19:45:25Z

Backfilling

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Backfilling */

2025-10-13T19:44:51Z

Backfilling

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Pipe Placement */

2025-10-13T19:42:53Z

Pipe Placement

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Trench Excavation */

2025-10-13T19:40:55Z

Trench Excavation

Jhudson-fishbeck at 19:37, 13 October 2025

2025-10-13T19:37:07Z

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Pictures of Equipment */

2025-08-22T13:24:54Z

Pictures of Equipment

Clarkj25: /* RAIL PROJECTS */

2025-08-21T13:32:52Z

RAIL PROJECTS

Jhudson-fishbeck: /* Backfilling */

2025-08-20T16:55:41Z

Backfilling

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 |+
 |-
-|[[File:401-001.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Parts of a Pipe]]
+|[[File:401-001.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Parts of a Pipe''']]
 |}
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-002.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Pipe Identification Markings]] || [[File:401-003.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete Sewer Pipe Manufacturer Classification]]
+| [[File:401-002.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Pipe Identification Markings''']] || [[File:401-003.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Concrete Sewer Pipe Manufacturer Classification''']]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-004.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Example of Pipe Gasket Seal Lubricant]] || [[File:401-005.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete Sewer Pipe with Rubber Gasket]]
+| [[File:401-004.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Example of Pipe Gasket Seal Lubricant''']] || [[File:401-005.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Concrete Sewer Pipe with Rubber Gasket''']]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-006.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Damaged Polymer-Coated CSP]]
+| [[File:401-006.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Damaged Polymer-Coated CSP''']]
 |}
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:007.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete Headwall]] || [[File: 401-008.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete End Section]]
+| [[File:007.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Concrete Headwall''']] || [[File: 401-008.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Concrete End Section''']]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-009.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Metal Sloped End Section]]
+| [[File:401-009.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Metal Sloped End Section''']]
 |}
@@ Line 130: / Line 130: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:208-009.jpg|200px|thumb|center|34R Aggregate]]|| [[File:208-011.jpg|200px|thumb|center|46G Aggregate]]|| [[File:401-012.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Class II Sand]]
+| [[File:208-009.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''34R Aggregate''']]|| [[File:208-011.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''46G Aggregate''']]|| [[File:401-012.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Class II Sand''']]
 |}
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-013.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)]] || [[File:401-014.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Pipe Laser]]
+| [[File:401-013.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)''']] || [[File:401-014.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Pipe Laser''']]
-|| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Bulldozer]]
+|| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Bulldozer''']]
 |-
-| [[File:Laser transit.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Laser Transit]] || [[File:401-017.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Portable Concrete Mixer]] || [[File:401-018.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Plate Compactor]]
+| [[File:Laser transit.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Laser Transit''']] || [[File:401-017.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Portable Concrete Mixer''']] || [[File:401-018.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Plate Compactor''']]
 |-
-| [[File:401-019.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Jumping Jack Compactor]] || [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Cutoff Saws]]
+| [[File:401-019.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Jumping Jack Compactor''']] || [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Cutoff Saws''']]
 |}
@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-021.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Example Drawing of Anticipated Utility Conflict]]
+| [[File:401-021.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Example Drawing of Anticipated Utility Conflict''']]
 |}
@@ Line 266: / Line 266: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-022.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Trench Box and Steel Plates being used for Culvert Construction]]
+| [[File:401-022.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Trench Box and Steel Plates being used for Culvert Construction''']]
 |}
@@ Line 294: / Line 294: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-023.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Sloping Requirements by Soil Type]]|| [[File:401-024.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type]]
+| [[File:401-023.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Sloping Requirements by Soil Type''']]|| [[File:401-024.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type''']]
 |-
-| [[File:Slope-graph.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type]] || [[File:401-026.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Maximum Allowable Slopes by Soil Type]]
+| [[File:Slope-graph.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type''']] || [[File:401-026.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Maximum Allowable Slopes by Soil Type''']]
 |}
@@ Line 332: / Line 332: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-027.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Joint Types of CMP Pipe]]
+| [[File:401-027.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Joint Types of CMP Pipe''']]
 |}
@@ Line 344: / Line 344: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-028.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Installation Procedure for O-Ring Gasket (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)]] || [[File:401-029.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Installation Procedure for Type 4 Gaskets (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)]]
+| [[File:401-028.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Installation Procedure for O-Ring Gasket (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)''']] || [[File:401-029.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Installation Procedure for Type 4 Gaskets (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)''']]
 |}
@@ Line 356: / Line 356: @@
 A concrete culvert that extends from outside ditch to outside ditch beneath a divided highway will require granular material from the bedding to the haunch of the pipe and suitable material from the ditch to the influence of the pavement section, then granular material over the pipe through the pavement section to the bottom of the subgrade. Suitable material can be used over the pipe across the median and then return to all granular passing through the next set of highway lanes. Finally, the backfill can revert to suitable material over the pipe again beyond the influence of the pavement in the opposite foreslope.
-[[File:401-030.jpg||200px|thumb|left|Sample Roadway Cross-Section]]
+[[File:401-030.jpg||200px|thumb|left|'''Sample Roadway Cross-Section''']]
 |}
@@ Line 368: / Line 368: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-031.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Backfilling Around Pipe in Lifts]]
+| [[File:401-031.jpg|200px|thumb|left|'''Backfilling Around Pipe in Lifts''']]
 |}

@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-013.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)''''']] || [[File:401-014.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Pipe Laser''''']]
+| [[File:401-013.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)]] || [[File:401-014.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Pipe Laser]]
-|| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Bulldozer''''']]
+|| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Bulldozer]]
 |-
-| [[File:Laser transit.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Laser Transit''''']] || [[File:401-017.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Portable Concrete Mixer''''']] || [[File:401-018.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Plate Compactor''''']]
+| [[File:Laser transit.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Laser Transit]] || [[File:401-017.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Portable Concrete Mixer]] || [[File:401-018.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Plate Compactor]]
 |-
-| [[File:401-019.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Jumping Jack Compactor''''']] || [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Cutoff Saws''''']]
+| [[File:401-019.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Jumping Jack Compactor]] || [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Cutoff Saws]]
 |}

@@ Line 366: / Line 366: @@
 A pneumatic tamp may be required instead of a vibratory compactor for compaction of the haunch areas of a pipe. In these confined working areas, density tests farther out from the culvert cannot be assumed to reflect the compaction under the pipe. Therefore, the efforts of the density Inspector are often the only reliable assurances of adequate compaction in these areas.
+{|
-[[File:401-031.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Backfilling Around Pipe in Lifts]]
+|+
 === Jacked-in-Place ===

@@ Line 357: / Line 357: @@
 A concrete culvert that extends from outside ditch to outside ditch beneath a divided highway will require granular material from the bedding to the haunch of the pipe and suitable material from the ditch to the influence of the pavement section, then granular material over the pipe through the pavement section to the bottom of the subgrade. Suitable material can be used over the pipe across the median and then return to all granular passing through the next set of highway lanes. Finally, the backfill can revert to suitable material over the pipe again beyond the influence of the pavement in the opposite foreslope.
-[[File:401-030.jpg|500px]]
+[[File:401-030.jpg||200px|thumb|left|Sample Roadway Cross-Section]]
 |}
@@ Line 368: / Line 367: @@
 A pneumatic tamp may be required instead of a vibratory compactor for compaction of the haunch areas of a pipe. In these confined working areas, density tests farther out from the culvert cannot be assumed to reflect the compaction under the pipe. Therefore, the efforts of the density Inspector are often the only reliable assurances of adequate compaction in these areas.
-[[File:401-031.jpg|200px]]
+[[File:401-031.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Backfilling Around Pipe in Lifts]]
 === Jacked-in-Place ===

@@ Line 330: / Line 330: @@
 The joints of CMP are different than the description above because there are no bells and spigots. The ends of the pipe sections are joined using couplers made of an open steel band that is passed around the joint and then secured together with a bolted connection. To make the joint watertight, a gasket must be placed around the pipe between the coupler and the pipe. After the bolt(s) have been tightened on the coupler, the joint is wrapped, as described above, with geotextile blanket.
-[[File:401-027.jpg|500px]]
+{|
+|+
-''Joint Types of CMP Pipe''
+|-
 Elliptical concrete pipe should be installed with the lift holes on the top of the pipe. The manufacturer’s marks designating the top and bottom of the pipe should not be more than 5 degrees from the vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the pipe. After installation, the lift holes should be sealed with suitable concrete plugs and waterproofed.
@@ Line 340: / Line 342: @@
 Proper installation of the required rubber gaskets is crucial for performance and joint integrity of every RCP pipe segment and manhole. Equalization of each gasket, as well as proper utilization of the supplier-furnished/approved joint lubricant on the pipe joints, is necessary. The o-ring stretch can be equalized by running a smooth, round object (inserted between gasket and spigot) around the entire circumference three times. Installation methods may vary depending on the pipe/manhole supplier. Following are installation procedures for two common types of gaskets.
+{|
-[[File:401-028.jpg|500px]]
+|+
+|-
-''Installation Procedure for O-Ring Gasket (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)''
+| [[File:401-028.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Installation Procedure for O-Ring Gasket (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)]] || [[File:401-029.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Installation Procedure for Type 4 Gaskets (Source: Press-Seal Corporation)]]
+|}
 === Backfilling ===

@@ Line 264: / Line 264: @@
 Construction of a culvert begins with trench excavation. Excavation may also include the removal of an existing culvert, end sections, footings, or headwalls. These removal quantities should be recorded as called for in the specifications.
-[[File:401-022.jpg|200px]]
+{|
 There are many factors that determine the safe and proper width of a pipe trench. Refer to [https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1926%20Subpart%20P OSHA Regulation 1926, Subpart P, Excavations], for all applicable sloping, shoring, and soil classification safety standards for excavation. Existing soil material, groundwater elevation, utilities, trees (roots), and proximity of paved surfaces (roads, sidewalks, and curbs and gutters) and buildings may all be considered by the Contractor when deciding how the trench will be excavated.
@@ Line 288: / Line 291: @@
 Following are various sloping requirements in accordance with OSHA regulations.
-''Sloping Requirements by Soil Type''
+{|
+|+
-[[File:401-024.jpg|500px]]
+|-
+| [[File:401-023.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Sloping Requirements by Soil Type]]|| [[File:401-024.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type]]
-''Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type''
+|-
+| [[File:Slope-graph.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Maximum Allowable Slope with Support System by Soil Type]] || [[File:401-026.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Maximum Allowable Slopes by Soil Type]]
-[[File:Slope-graph.jpg|500px]]
+|}
 The width of the trench should be sufficient to enable a worker to place and compact material under the pipe haunches. The [https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/stdplan/getStandardPlanDocument.htm?docGuid=bb935b9c-de64-445f-bfe7-91d8e85e4f5b Standard Plan R-83 series] provides direction for minimum trench width as a function of the pipe size.

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The pipe material and class are noted on the plans. MDOT defines the pipe by class, which is based on the amount of cover over the pipe. Refer to [https://mdotwiki.state.mi.us/images_construction/9/95/2020-Standard-Specifications-Construction.pdf#page=211 Table 401-1 of the Standard Specifications for Construction] for acceptable pipe in each class.
-[[File:401-001.jpg]]
+{|
 Culvert materials include:
@@ Line 66: / Line 69: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-002.jpg|300px]] || [[File:401-003.jpg|300px]]
+| [[File:401-002.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Pipe Identification Markings]] || [[File:401-003.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete Sewer Pipe Manufacturer Classification]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 76: / Line 78: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-004.jpg|300px]] || [[File:401-005.jpg|300px]]
+| [[File:401-004.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Example of Pipe Gasket Seal Lubricant]] || [[File:401-005.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete Sewer Pipe with Rubber Gasket]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 Corrugated metal pipe should not be out-of-round, exhibit deviation from a straight alignment, or have dents or bends in the metal that can create loose, poorly formed joints. Bruised or broken zinc, aluminum, or polymer coating must be repaired by the Contractor in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications at no cost to the contract.
-[[File:401-006.jpg|300px]]
+{|
 ==== Headwalls and End Sections ====
@@ Line 104: / Line 108: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:007.jpg|300px]] || [[File: 401-008.jpg]]
+| [[File:007.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete Headwall]] || [[File: 401-008.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Concrete End Section]]
 |-
 |}
 End sections should be manufactured with the same material as the pipe. Exceptions are for plastic pipe, which may use either metal or concrete end sections, and for metal sloped end sections, which can be placed on concrete or CMP. Concrete end sections must have the footing cast-in-place or precast in accordance with the Standard Plan R-86 series. Metal end sections cannot be dented or misshapen, and the connecting hardware must be for the correct pipe size. All struts and bolts for the end sections must be used, and the proper end section, longitudinal or transverse, must meet the plan application. Toe plate extenders must be included on all metal end sections. The metal end section and all hardware to connect the metal end section must be galvanized.
-[[File:401-009.jpg|300px]]
+{|
+|+
-''Metal Sloped End Section''
+|-
 When discharging directly to waters of the state, a permanent outfall label is required. The label should identify MDOT in a visible manner. Refer to [https://mdotwiki.state.mi.us/images_construction/9/95/2020-Standard-Specifications-Construction.pdf#page=10 Subsection 401.03.E of the Standard Specifications for Construction] and the Standard Plan [https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/stdplan/getStandardPlanDocument.htm?docGuid=7b31acd9-387a-4169-b193-e655a8a089fa R-85 series], [https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/stdplan/getStandardPlanDocument.htm?docGuid=76596fda-193d-42d4-be65-35b36fe8983e R-86 series], [https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/stdplan/getStandardPlanDocument.htm?docGuid=b2447291-91d0-47c8-ad01-05be9549a3a7 R-88 series], and [https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/stdplan/getStandardPlanDocument.htm?docGuid=c2d5df03-183d-46cf-8a18-a0b798034931 R-95 series] for additional details on outfall label instructions. If an outfall discharges to a ditch, it does not need to be labelled.
@@ Line 122: / Line 127: @@
 Backfill material varies depending on what is above the pipe culvert being installed and the type of pipe that is used. Typical backfill consists of granular Class II, IIAA, III, or IIIA material, suitable excavated material, or a concrete encasement. Refer to the [https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/stdplan/getStandardPlanDocument.htm?docGuid=bb935b9c-de64-445f-bfe7-91d8e85e4f5b Standard Plan R-83] series for details.
-<gallery>
+{|
-File:208-009.jpg|''34R Aggregate''
+|+
-File:208-011.jpg|''46G Aggregate''
+|-
-File:401-012.jpg|''Class II Sand''
+| [[File:208-009.jpg|200px|thumb|center|34R Aggregate]]|| [[File:208-011.jpg|200px|thumb|center|46G Aggregate]]|| [[File:401-012.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Class II Sand]]
-</gallery>
+|}
 {{top}}
@@ Line 161: / Line 166: @@
 |+
 |-
-| [[File:401-013.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)''''']] || [[File:401-014.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Pipe Laser''''']]
+| [[File:401-013.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)''''']] || [[File:401-014.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Pipe Laser''''']]
-|| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Bulldozer''''']]
+|| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Bulldozer''''']]
 |-
-| [[File:Laser transit.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Laser Transit''''']] || [[File:401-017.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Portable Concrete Mixer''''']] || [[File:401-018.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Plate Compactor''''']]
+| [[File:Laser transit.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Laser Transit''''']] || [[File:401-017.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Portable Concrete Mixer''''']] || [[File:401-018.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Plate Compactor''''']]
 |-
-| [[File:401-019.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Jumping Jack Compactor''''']] || [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg|300px|thumb|center|'''''Cutoff Saws''''']]
+| [[File:401-019.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Jumping Jack Compactor''''']] || [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''''Cutoff Saws''''']]
 |}
 {{top}}
@@ Line 242: / Line 247: @@
 There is an elevation conflict between the proposed 12” culvert and the existing 6” gas main.
-[[File:401-021.jpg|500px]]
+{|
 |}
@@ Line 256: / Line 264: @@
 Construction of a culvert begins with trench excavation. Excavation may also include the removal of an existing culvert, end sections, footings, or headwalls. These removal quantities should be recorded as called for in the specifications.
-[[File:401-022.jpg|300px]]
+[[File:401-022.jpg|200px]]
 ''Trench Box and Steel Plates being used for Culvert Construction''
@@ Line 365: / Line 373: @@
 A pneumatic tamp may be required instead of a vibratory compactor for compaction of the haunch areas of a pipe. In these confined working areas, density tests farther out from the culvert cannot be assumed to reflect the compaction under the pipe. Therefore, the efforts of the density Inspector are often the only reliable assurances of adequate compaction in these areas.
-[[File:401-031.jpg|300px]]
+[[File:401-031.jpg|200px]]
 ''Backfilling Around Pipe in Lifts''

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 22 August 2025
Line 158:		Line 158:

	=== Pictures of Equipment ===		=== Pictures of Equipment ===
		+	{\|
		+	\|+
		+	\|-
		+	\| [[File:401-013.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)''''']] \|\| [[File:401-014.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Pipe Laser''''']]
		+	\|\| [[File:Bulldozer.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Bulldozer''''']]
		+	\|-
		+	\| [[File:Laser transit.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Laser Transit''''']] \|\| [[File:401-017.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Portable Concrete Mixer''''']] \|\| [[File:401-018.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Plate Compactor''''']]
		+	\|-
		+	\| [[File:401-019.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Jumping Jack Compactor''''']] \|\| [[File:Cutoff-saws.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|center\|'''''Cutoff Saws''''']]
		+	\|}
		+	{{top}}

−	~~<gallery>~~
−	~~401-013.jpg\|''Excavator with Plate Compactor Attachment (Ho-Pac)''~~
−	~~401-014.jpg\|''Pipe Laser''~~
−	~~Bulldozer.jpg\|''Bulldozer''~~
−	~~Laser transit.jpg\|''Laser Transit''~~
−	~~401-017.jpg\|''Portable Concrete Mixer''~~
−	~~401-018.jpg\|''Plate Compactor''~~
−	~~401-019.jpg\|''Jumping Jack Compactor''~~
−	~~Cutoff-saws.jpg\|''Cutoff Saws''~~
−	~~</gallery>~~

	{{top}}		{{top}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:32, 21 August 2025
Line 486:		Line 486:
	[[Category:Division 4]]		[[Category:Division 4]]
	[[Category:Section 401]]		[[Category:Section 401]]
		+	[[Category:New CM Format]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:55, 20 August 2025
Line 363:		Line 363:

	A pneumatic tamp may be required instead of a vibratory compactor for compaction of the haunch areas of a pipe. In these confined working areas, density tests farther out from the culvert cannot be assumed to reflect the compaction under the pipe. Therefore, the efforts of the density Inspector are often the only reliable assurances of adequate compaction in these areas.		A pneumatic tamp may be required instead of a vibratory compactor for compaction of the haunch areas of a pipe. In these confined working areas, density tests farther out from the culvert cannot be assumed to reflect the compaction under the pipe. Therefore, the efforts of the density Inspector are often the only reliable assurances of adequate compaction in these areas.
		+
		+	[[File:401-031.jpg\|300px]]
		+
		+	''Backfilling Around Pipe in Lifts''

	=== Jacked-in-Place ===		=== Jacked-in-Place ===